Your Cordova tooling seems to be out of date (Actually: SUPER old!), which might be causing all kinds of problems.
You can read about how to figure out the current Cordova versions and how to update CLI, platforms and plugins here: How to update Cordova CLI, Platforms and Plugins Ā· ionic.zone
Perfect - now just compare the both projects config.xml and package.json to find the difference. It might help to remove and re-add the platforms or plugins as well.
Just a thought if someone else happens to have this kind of problem: it happened to me when updating my project and the problem was too long paths. My project was stored in c:\users\dude\documentsā¦ Which additionned to ionic folder structure ended up too long. You can move your project to c:\ionicProject and try again, you can also specify a build directory in grade but I donāt remember the exact parameter, you could look it up though. Good luck !