In case someone encounters the same problem:
I found a somewhat hacky solution that works. The problem why whe can’t use css to style the header anymore is that ionic 4 encapsulates it inside a web component. Web components are meant to be uneffected by outside css.
Luckily we can absuse the color variables in “theme/variables.scss” to insert an image into the header. Because it’s content is direcly used as value for the css background property it is possible to do something like this:
--ion-color-medium: url("assets/custom-image.jpg") center / 100%;
<ion-header>
<ion-toolbar color="medium">
<ion-buttons slot="start">
<ion-menu-button></ion-menu-button>
</ion-buttons>
<ion-title>
Home
</ion-title>
</ion-toolbar>
</ion-header>